June - July,1950
Contents
Signers of the Declaration of Independence MASONIC EDUCATION IN NEW ZEALAND
FREEMASONRY IN FOREIGN LANDS JOHN FREDERICK REINHARDT, M.P.S.
THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES Masonic Edition of the Hertel Bible
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
THE FIRST official use of the term United States of America followed the formal signing, August 2, 1776, of the Declaration of Independence, a landmark in the history of liberty. While it is agreed by Masonic writers and Craft papers that the subject of the Masonic affiliation of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence is open and a controversial one, only one of its signers is known to have been of the Roman Catholic faith - Charles Carroll.
Of the fifty-six signers, the following were members of a known Masonic lodge:
Elbridge Gerry, member of Philanthropic lodge, Marblehead, Massachusetts.
Benjamin Franklin, member of St. John's Lodge, Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
John Hancock, made a Master Mason, at the age of 23, in 1760, in Merchants Lodge No. 1, Quebec City, the first civilian Lodge established in Canada after the Conquest. In 1763, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, where he affiliated with St. Andrew's Lodge.
Matthew Thornton, made a Mason in a Lodge attached to a British Regiment of Foot during the Siege of Louisburg, Canada, in 1745, serving in a New Hampshire Colonial Regiment as a surgeon. Baron Von Steuben, while at Valley Forge, is said to have conferred the higher Degrees on him and to have been the only Signer who attained the 32nd Degree of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite.
William Whipple, member of St. John’s Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, New Jersey.
William Hooper, member of Hanover Lodge, Masonborough, North Carolina.
George Walton, member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Savannah, Georgia.
Richard Stockton, charter member, and first Master of St. John's Lodge, Princeton, New Jersey.
The following named Signers have been referred to as members of the Fraternity by various Masonic writers, and in Masonic publications, but their Lodge affiliation is not known:
Roger Sherman, claimed to have been made a Mason prior to the American Revolution. A Masonic Apron said to be worn by him is in the collection at Yale University.
Josiah Bartlett, one so named is listed as a charter member of King Solomon's Lodge, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Descendants, however, say he was not a member of the Craft. There is doubt that this Bartlett is the signer, and records of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts do not show his Lodge affiliation.
Philip Livingston, often referred to as a Mason, but this is open to debate. Records of the Grand Lodge of New York do not disclose his name. Several members, named Livingston, are noted in the records of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City, New York.
Joseph Hewes. Records of Unanimity Lodge No. 7, Edenton, North Carolina, show his name as a visitor on St. John's Day, December, 1776.
Robert Treat Paine, member of a Massachusetts Lodge. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts records do not show his affiliation He was said to be present at the celebration of St. John's Day, Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, in June, 1759.
Thomas McKean, noted as a frequent visitor to Perseverance Lodge No. 2l, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The McKean genealogy has stated he was a Mason, although his name is not found on the records of the Grand Lodge of Delaware, which was not organized until the close of the American Revolution. A brother, Samuel McKean, was a member of the Fraternity.
John Penn, known to have attended Lodges in North Carolina, but his Masonic affiliation is not known.
Lyman Hall, claimed to have been a member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Savannah, Georgia.
William Ellery, claimed as a member of a Lodge in Boston, Massachusetts.
Thomas Nelson, Jr., claimed to have visited Lodge No. 9, Yorktown, Virginia, after the Siege of that place was lifted in the Revolutionary War, accompanied by Lafayette and Washington.
Absence of definite proof of the Masonic affiliation of the Signers named in the foregoing paragraph, precludes the possibility of knowing. This is also the case with Thomas Jefferson; John Adams; Robert Morris; John Witherspoon; George Wythe; Francis Lightfoot Lee; Richard Henry Lee, and others.
Caesar Rodney, of Delaware fame, had a son Caesar Augustus Rodney - a member of the Craft.
George Read, another Signer from Delaware, had a son - George M. Read - who was Grand Master of Pennsylvania.
Samuel Huntington had a son who was Grand Master of Ohio.
We are indebted to Brother William J. Paterson, M.P.S., Librarian and Curator of the R. W. Grand Lodge, F. & A. M., of Pennsylvania, for the above information which is presented to our readers for their earnest consideration. Should further facts be developed, they will be presented in a forthcoming issue of ''Philalethes.''
W.A. Q.
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On the scientific presumption that every effect must have an adequate cause, we have the right to assume that the Landmarks of Freemasonry, and the traditions of the Secret Doctrine, are not without foundation in fact. The further we go back in history, and beyond history, the grander become the monuments of the Secret Science. Plato and Pythagoras found all their knowledge ready-made in the Egyptian and Babylonian Mysteries. The deeper we delve into the past the grander become these ancient monuments. The Zodiac and Pyramids alone, by the knowledge they betray of astronomy, mechanics, mathematics and architecture, demonstrate the existence of a science in pre-historic times such as we moderns have not yet been able to imitate.
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How far that little candle throws its beams! So shines a Good Deed in a naughty world.
- Shakespeare
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MASONIC EDUCATION IN NEW ZEALAND
By Dr. Ross Hepburn, F.P.S., Christchurch, C. 1; New Zealand
(Editorial Note: - We take great pleasure in publishing hereunder the "Masterpiece" submitted by our recently elected "Fellow," V.W. Brother Dr. Ross Hepburn, Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and Doctor of Laws of the University of New Zealand. He is a brilliant orator and author, a Past Master of Riccarton Lodge No. 276, Christchurch; Past Grand Lecturer, Grand Lodge of New Zealand; Secretary and Editor, the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge No. 130, Christchurch; the recently appointed Grand Lecturer for the Grand Chapter, R.A.M., of New Zealand; the local Secretary for Christchurch for Quatuor Coronati lodge No. 2076, London, England; and active in Craft Masonry, the Royal Arch, Royal and Select Masters, Knights Templar, Rose Croix, the Royal Order of Scotland, Knights of the York Cross of Honour, Grand College of Rites of the United States of America, and Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia. Brother Hepburn has written many excellent articles and essays on Masonic subjects and we are glad, indeed, to welcome him as a Fellow of the Philalethes Society.)
MASONIC EDUCATION in New Zealand is not so highly organized as it is in the United States of America.
Grand Lodge has no Masonic Education Committee but delegates its education functions to the Research Lodges and the Grand Lecturers. As printed Rituals are generally used, the Grand Lecturers do not have any duties in connection with the teaching of Rituals as in the United States of America, but their functions are purely educational.
Grand Lodge official publications comprise:
(1) The Annual Proceedings, which include (in alternate years) the Rulings of the Board of General Purposes on matters of Etiquette and Procedure.
(2) The Official Ritual which is compulsory for all Lodges consecrated since May, 1912.
(3) Review of Proceedings of Foreign Grand Lodges which are published in the New Zealand Craftsman by arrangement with the publishers, the New Zealand Masonic Newspaper Company, Ltd.
(4) The Book of Constitution
There are no booklets or pamphlets for candidates as in the case of the American Grand Lodges.
Grand Lodge contributes financially to Masonic Education in the following ways:
(1) By making a grant of two hundred pounds sterling a year to the Research Lodges. This is divided in the proportions agreed upon by the six Research Lodges at their annual Conference.
(2 ) By paying the traveling expenses of grand Lecturers to distant Lodges in their districts.
(3) By paying for the publication of the Reviews of the Proceedings of Foreign Grand Lodges in the New Zealand Craftsman.
(4) By maintaining a Masonic Library in the Grand Lodge Office.
(5) By paying the expense of a delegate to the Conference of Australasian Grand Lodges, which is held periodically in Australia and at which questions of Masonic Education are discussed.
GRAND LECTURERS
Rule 20, Look of Constitution, provides that the Grand Master shall appoint such number of Grand Lecturers as may from time to time be determined by the Board of General Purposes. Rule 47 defines the duties of Grand Lecturers, namely:
(a) To deliver in Craft Lodges holding under Grand lodge lectures upon the ethics, symbolism, and history of Freemasonry: but Grand Lecturers shall have no authority over or powers of supervision in Lodges, and shall not in any way interfere with matters of etiquette or ritual.
(b) To deliver not less than four lectures in different lodges within his prescribed District in the course of any year of office, otherwise he shall not be entitled to past rank.
Rule 48 provides that Grand Lecturers shall be entitled to such legitimate expenses incurred by them when travelling in the exercise of their duties, as may be approved by the Board of General Purposes.
Rule 10 provides that Grand Lecturers and least Grand Lecturers rank immediately above the Grand Directors of Ceremonies and Rule 11 provides that they are entitled to the prefix of "Very Worshipful." The office is, therefore, one of considerable rank and dignity. Usually either four or five Grand Lecturers are appointed each year and they are generally appointed for a second and often a third year. A Grand Lecturer must be an Installed Master of a Craft lodge.
Grand Lodge does not publish the lectures written by Grand Lecturers but these are frequently printed either in the New Zealand Craftsman or in the transactions of one or other of the Research Lodges.
In 1948 the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of New Zealand amended its Constitution to provide for the appointment of two Grand Lecturers. Their appointment is on similar terms to that of the Grand Lecturers of Grand Lodge, but the Grand Lecturers of Grand Chapter are required to prepare (but not necessarily to deliver) three lectures during each year of their term of office in order to attain past rank. A Grand Lecturer must be an Installed First Principal (equivalent to the American High Priest) of a Royal Arch Chapter.
RESEARCH LODGES
Provision has been made in the Book of Constitution of Grand Lodge for Research Lodges for many years, but the original provisions were very brief and a good deal was left to be incorporated in the Lodge Charter. Most points are now covered by the Book of Constitution.
The following are the provisions of Rule 170 relating to Lodges of Research: "A Lodge of Research may be erected and held under the following Regulations:
(a) Upon a petition having been presented to the Grand Master signed by at least seven lnstalled Masters regularly registered under the Constitution of any recognized Grand lodge, he may issue a warrant to hold a Lodge of Research, which shall have for its object the study and research of the teachings of the Craft by means of lectures, discussions and papers.
(b) No one shall be eligible for membership in any Lodge of Research unless he is an lnstalled Master and a subscribing member of a Craft Lodge, and no one shall continue to be a member of a Lodge of Research upon ceasing to be a subscribing member of a Craft Lodge. A Lodge of Research may admit Master Masons as associates, but they shall not be eligible to vote or hold any office, save those of Chaplain, Organist, Steward, and Tyler.
(c) A Lodge of Research shall not initiate any candidate into Freemasonry, but may confer the Second and Third Degree at the request of any Craft Lodge.
(d) Upon any member of a Lodge of Research resigning his membership thereof, the Lodge shall not issue to him a Remit or other clearance in accordance with Rule 159.
(e) The Grand Master may embody in the Warrant issued to any Lodge of Research such regulations for the conduct thereof as he thinks fit, provided the same are not inconsistent with the Regulations of Grand Lodge."
RESEARCH LODGES IN PRACTICE
The writer of this article has been Secretary of the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge No. 130, of Christchurch, since December 1939, with the exception of the year 1942, when he occupied the Master's Chair and has been Editor of the Lodge Transactions during the whole of that period. He proposes to give a picture, based on practical experience, of what a Research Lodge does and can do.
In practice most of the work of Research lodges in New Zealand is in the form of Masonic Education rather than original Research such as is possible in England where original documents and records are available. What research we do is based partly on printed or photostat copies of original documents, and partly is on local Masonic History in our own country and our own Districts or on the history of particular local Lodges. In connection with original documents we are much indebted to the late Brother Douglas Knoop and to his co-worker Dr. G. P. Jones, for producing those two excellent volumes, "Early Masonic Catechisms," and "Early Masonic Pamphlets." In fact, the Craft is indebted beyond measure to these two authors and particularly their two more general books, "A Short History of Freemasonry to 1730," and "The Genesis of Freemasonry," which embody the result of their researches over a period of about fifteen years.
Generally speaking the activities of Research lodges are directed to the education of the Brethren generally and particularly to giving the younger Brethren a general idea of the history, symbolism and philosophy of Freemasonry.
Lectures on various Masonic subjects are read and discussed in the Research Lodges and printed in the Transactions. In most of the Research Lodges here the paper is read at one meeting, printed and circulated and discussed at the next. The Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge adopts a different method, namely to read and discuss the paper at the one meeting and circulate it afterwards with a summary of the discussion. The paper is set up by the printer and printed in the form of proof sheets which are distributed at the meeting and available for Brethren to read, so that they can follow the lecturer as he reads. Subsequently the paper is changed into pamphlet form by a small adjustment of the type and is then printed and circulated with the discussion and an account of the meeting.
The Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge in addition to its other activities has, during recent years, held one meeting a year which is set aside as a Special Evening for New Brethren. The Masters of the Craft Lodges are circularized and asked to bring their new Brethren to this meeting. Papers on the History and Symbolism of the Three Degrees are read and discussed, and the younger Brethren are encouraged to take part in the discussion and to ask questions. We endeavor to have a fresh set of papers each year for this meeting. At our Special Evening for New Brethren in March, 1950, we had a total attendance of over one hundred which was very fine and showed the interest of the younger Brethren in our work and their appreciation of our efforts to help them.
Another activity of the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge which has been very successful over the last ten or eleven years is that of Questions and Answers. We set aside an evening each year as Question and Answer Evening and this has proved one of our most popular activities. On one occasion we had a total attendance of one hundred and forty-six, which appears to be the largest recorded in the history of the Lodge.
Brethren are invited to send in questions beforehand and the questions and the answers thereto are then printed in the form of a paper and are read and discussed at the meeting and subsequently circulated in the Transactions. The discussion varies according to whether the particular question is purely informative or whether it is a debatable one on which there is room for difference of opinion. The latter type usually produce an excellent discussion. As far as possible we keep the purely informative questions in reserve and print them later as additional Questions, and bring before the meeting only those likely to cause discussion. A five minute time limit on comments by any one speaker is a useful precaution and is the general rule at all our meetings and encourages more Brethren to take part in the discussion. On special occasions the speaker can apply for an extension of time which will usually be granted by the Master.
The proceedings are all worked in the First Degree and the Lodge is never opened in any higher Degree except on Installation Night or when the Grand Master or his representative is visiting officially. The Master installs his successor and there is no Board of Installed Masters since the Master has necessarily already been the Master of a Craft Lodge. The duties of the Master of a Research Lodge are for the most part purely administrative. He has very little Ritual work to do except the opening and closing of the Lodge and the Installation of his successor. A good administrator leaves his mark on the Lodge in no uncertain way.
His principal duties are:
1) The selection of papers for the meetings and arranging with the necessary qualified Brethren to prepare and read these papers.
2) To keep in contact with the Masters of the Craft Lodges in the District and see that they attend our meetings and bring their officers and Brethren with them.
3) To visit the Craft lodges as circumstances permit and to advertise the work of the Research Lodge among the Craft by means of a suitable Refectory Speech when replying to the Visitors' Toast.
4) If possible to enroll Full Members from among the sitting Masters and recent Past Masters with whom he comes in contact.
5) Generally to keep our work before the Coast in the District.
6) General supervision of the administrative work of the Research Lodge.
We have found very successful the system of having a Representative in each of the Craft Lodges whose duty it is to enroll Associate Members (at 10/- a year subscription) from among the Brethren of his own Lodge. The Representatives have personal contacts which the Master and Secretary of the Research Lodge lack, and are thus able to do for us what we cannot do for ourselves.
The Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge has, at present, seventy Full Members and about 1,300 Associates. The growth of the Associate Membership is largely due to the efforts of our Representatives in the Craft Lodges; and the subscriptions of the Associates pay for our printing and thus enable the lodge to carry on its work.
Another successful function which the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge has developed during the last five or six years is that of a Country Meeting. We hold a meeting under the Charter of a local Lodge in some other town or District outside Christchurch. This has to be organized well beforehand. The local Lodges in the District usually hold a joint meeting under the charter of the most convenient Lodge (or of the local Lodge in the town if only one) and the local Master opens the lodge and then receives us and hands over the Chairs to us. We provide a complete set of officers, with our Master in the Chair, and run the meeting with papers and discussions exactly as we do at our meetings in Christchurch. For a country meeting we usually have six Questions and Answers followed by a short paper specially prepared to cause a good discussion. For example, we deal with such topical subjects as whether Masters are qualified to dispense light and instruction to their Brethren or whether they know nothing but the Ritual: whether our Lodges are becoming mere factories for conferring Degrees: why Brethren lose interest through seeing and hearing the mere repetition of Degrees and receiving no proper instruction in the History of the Craft and the meaning of our Symbols.
As far as possible we endeavor to have most of the discussion carried on by the local Brethren. It is their evening. In other words, we pack up the whole machinery of the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge and transport it to the country for the one evening so as to give the local Brethren a demonstration of our work. This usually results in an increase in our Associate Membership in the District concerned during the next few months.
No definite rules can be laid down for running a Research Lodge, not as to the type of activity which it should undertake. These are matters in which the officers of the Lodge must be guided by local requirements and the amount of talent available. One rule, however, is worth observing - namely, that it is always preferable, if possible, to have the lecturer personally present to read his paper and to reply to the comments and discussion thereon.
Finally, this writer desires to say that one of the most pleasant of his duties - it is a pleasure and a privilege rather than a duty - is that of conducting the overseas correspondence of the Lodges This includes correspondence with many eminent Masonic Students in the United States of America, all of whom have been and always are most generous in their assistance, both in giving explanation answering queries and in forwarding Masonic literature on the various Degrees in Freemasonry in which they are active and interested.
CONCLUSION
It may be mentioned that the attendance of one hundred at the Special Evening for new Brethren, in 1950, is a very large number in comparison with the average attendance at ordinary meetings of Craft Lodges in the district. While it may appear small in comparison to the total Associate Membership of the Lodge, the latter includes many Brethren outside Christchurch, many outside the Canterbury Province and also a large number outside New Zealand.
It is our practice to supply advance copies (proof sheets ) of out papers to twenty-five or thirty Brethren, many of whom are likely to attend and make comments. These are sent out two or three weeks before-hand to give the Brethren concerned the opportunity of reading them and preparing their comments. The latter, if submitted in writings are printed in the Transactions.
The Questions and Answers are dealt with by the Editor personally. He prepares the answers and uses all possible efforts to make them accurate and authoritative. He consults the best available text books on Freemasonry and uses official publications, such as the Book of Constitution, the Rulings of the Board of General Purposes, and the Instructions in the front of the Official Ritual. When information is not available locally he consults Brethren overseas - in England and the United States of America particularly - all of whom are most helpful. If the information is available at all the Editor obtains it.
It is our object that the Questions and Answers should be informative, accurate and helpful to the Brethren. It is our intention ultimately to publish our Questions and Answers in book form with the idea that they will form a Masonic guide for the use of members of the Craft. All such matter will be published as far as possible under the following headings: History, Symbolism, Jurisprudence, Procedure, Ritual, and the like, and we may, if found practicable, include a short Masonic Glossary.
Finally, it may be said quite fairly, that the Masters' and Pastmasters' Lodge is a popular Lodge. Those in control endeavor to cater to the tastes of the Brethren, to give them papers that are thoughtful, accurate and informative, and not over the head of the average Mason. We endeavor to have a good discussion, and for this purpose it is necessary to avoid papers which are too long, since a long paper discourages discussion. Papers which are informative but not likely to create discussion are printed, on some convenient occasion without being read in open Lodge.
We try to interest the Brethren, particularly the younger ones, in our work. It is not our object to make large profits; we seek rather to give the Brethren back their money in the form of extra printing and to serve the Craft while at the same time maintaining the financial stability of the Lodge. The Associate Members provide the revenue which enables us to print the Transactions. Without them we could not function effectively. They, in turn, derive much benefit and useful Masonic knowledge as the result of our work.
(Editor's Note. - The foregoing "masterpiece," by Dr. Ross Hepburn, F.P.S., is the exclusive property of the Philalethes Society and, under the circumstance, is not subject to a reprinting or reproduction by anyone.)
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By Charles E. Holmes, F.P.S., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
England. No less than twenty-three new lodges have been added to the roll of the United Grand Lodge of England since the last quarterly meeting of that Grand body. Of these new lodges one is in Nigeria, another in Bengal, and a third in Ceylon .
The last lodge to hold a Military Warrant under the United GrLodge, Lodge Unity Peace and Concord No. 316, has surrendered its military warrant and received in exchange a warrant as a "stationary" lodge, meeting in London.
Finland. A seventh lodge (Paijanne) has been added to the roster of lodges operating under the GrLodge of Finland, which was originally formed by the GrLodge of New York. Four of the lodges work exclusively in the Finnish language; one works in Swedish, and two are bi-lingual. Five of the lodges are established in different cities and two are in the capital, Helsingfors. All are quite prosperous.
Germany. The 150 lodges federated under the GrLodge of Germany conform to regular standards as to the G.A.U., and the V.S.L., but there exists in Berlin a "Grosse Lands Lodge," which excludes Jews from membership and conforms to the Swedish rite custom by being strictly Christian.
Holland. Our Brother J. S. van Solkema, M.P.S., writes from The Hague that Masonry in Holland shows wonderful signs of revival, though many of the lodge buildings were destroyed by the Nazis during their occupation of the country, jewels were stolen and libraries removed which meant that Masonry had to start anew from scratch after the Nazis departed. The spirit of brotherhood, however never died in the valiant country.
Preparations are now under way for the annual meeting of the Universal League of Freemasons, to be held in Brussels (Belgium) during September next. The hope is expressed that many American Masons will find it possible to attend and learn at first hand from their Dutch and Belgium Brethren the terrible price they had to pay for being Masons when dictatorship prevailed in their countries.
Italy. The Grand Orient of Italy, composed mostly of University Professors and their pupils, is said to have some 30,000 members. This group, though it bears the GrOrient label, demands of its members belief in the G.A.U. and the presence in lodge of the V.S.L. It is said to have received recognition from many American Grand bodies.
A second Grand body co-exists with the above and it is known as the GrLodge of Italy. With a membership of ca. 10,000. It has, according to our informant, strong "popish tendencies," which is somewhat surprising!
Recent letters addressed to the 'via Giustiniani' address in Rome of the GrOrient of Italy have been returned to us by the postal authorities with the notation "Unknown," though several letters to this same address have been answered in the past two years. The last issue of L'Accacia Masonica to reach us is dated May-June, 1949. Its leading article was entitled: "The Voice of America" and commented on the American point of view as expressed by Brothers John H. Cowles and Melvin M. Johnson on Masonry's attitude in "the religious and political fronts." The issue also contained a verbatim translation in Italian of the ritualistic ceremonies of the Emulation Third Degree. This would seem most unorthodox to us, judging by our standards, which may well not to be those of Italy. I have, in my travels abroad, witnessed many strange things which make me prudent in my commendations of practices that strike me as queer. One thing is, however, certain: Things are happening in Italian Masonry at the present time which we fail to understand, notwithstanding what is appearing in the Masonic Press on this side of the Atlantic. In fact, I have been told by non-initiates, who are in Rome at present, that in order to facilitate the policing of the State, the American occupation authorities have been flirting with the Vatican. We are wondering if the American authorities do not exaggerate the influence of the Vatican over the people of Italy or if the ascendency given to it by the American support, did not embolden the Vatican to take advantage of this strange rapprochement to fight Masonry, witness the blast against Masonry that was issued from the Vatican City on March 19. We are given to understand this sortie was caused by a speech made against Vatican exigencies by a member of the Chamber of Deputies who happened to be a Mason.
Japan. Freemasonry has followed the army of occupation into Japan, where it virtually did not exist as an organized body prior to the war. The first Blue Lodge meeting was held there on January 6, 1950, when the President of Japan's parliament and four of its members were initiated.
Norway. Masonry, as one may well guess, went underground in Norway during the dictatorship of Quisling, the Grand Lodge Buildings at Oslo having been put to various uses during the regime. Since then they were restored to their original purpose and we again find Masonry active in this country.
Turkey. Several Blue Lodges exist in Turkey, established by authority of the United GrLodge of England and the GrLodge of Scotland. The Altars of these lodges, which are 'regular', bear three Volumes of the Sacred Law: The Bible, the Talmud, and the Koran, which are used in accordance with the candidate's professed faith. Some lodges do their ritualistic work in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. Coexistent are several lodges working under the Grand Orient of France, and quite a number have affiliated with the GrOrient of Italy. Our informant, Brother Fenerjian, says that Masonry in Turkey has been on the wane since the end of World War I.
Denmark. For the first time in the history of Masonry in this country, a commoner has been elected Grand Master. He is Dr. Frank H. Rydgaard and succeeds Prince Maraald, who had succeeded King Charles X as GrMaster, in 1947, when the King died. The present King, Frederick IX, not being a Mason, the long Masonic tradition has been broken.
France. Our Brother Marius Lepage, F.P.S., who is the Master of Volney Lodge of Laval, France, and the editor of the Masonic review Le Symbolisme, recently delivered a public lecture in the town hall of Laval on "Some Rituals built around Death and Resurrection." Though the town is predominently Catholic, the attendant crowd was so large as to tax the capacity of the hall. The lecture had been well advertised by posters which mentioned that Brother Lepage is the 'sitting master' of Volney Lodge, but in a predominently Catholic community it would hardly be thought this would prove an added attraction . . . far from it! The press reports were loud in their praise of the learned speaker, who was for years the confidential secretary of the reputed occulist, the late Oswald Wirth, F.P.S. Brother Lepage's lecture included Catholic Death rituals, those of Ancient Egypt, the Buddhist rites, the Hiram Abiff legend, and Masonry's attitude toward death and immortality. Our hearty congratulations to Brother Leplage for his worthy contribution to Masonic thought, and successfully expressing his unorthodox views before an audience largely Catholic.
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JOHN FREDERICK REINHARDT, M.P.S.
Brother John F. Reinhardt represents the third generation of two families who came to this western outpost of civilization at the great bend in the Missouri River, where later grew up Kansas City. His grandfather, Philip Reinhardt, born at Moelsheim, Rheinhessen, Germany, in 1834, came to America when a boy of fourteen, locating, in 1848, at St. Louis, where he learned the trade of building wagons for the prairie caravans which in increasing numbers were crossing the great plains to the Pacific Coast. The type of wagon which he helped to build had a capacity of five tons and was drawn by six yoke of oxen. Philip Reinhardt, in 1854, came up the Missouri River to what is now Kansas City, and in the following year married Miss Levise Jane Howe. Her father was Joseph P. Howe, who was born in Maysville, Kentucky, and arrived at the site of Kansas City in 1849. He was then forty-one years of age, a shoemaker by trade, but in the early life of Kansas City this name was frequently identified with political office. In 1854 she was city assessor and tax collector; the following year he was city marshall, then, in 1856, he was both assessor and marshal and continued to hold the latter office in 1857. He attained an age of ninety-four years, passing away in 1902.
Philip Reinhardt after his marriage continued to live in Kansas City until 1875. His home was on Baltimore Avenue, and he and his wife were the parents of six sons and two daughters, all but one son born in Kansas City. In 1875, Philip Reinhardt began buying land across the state line in the northeast corner of Johnson County, Kansas, and in that year he moved his family to this farm. During the next five years he accumulated about 400 acres, a tract adjoining Kansas City on the west. His youngest child was born on his farm. Philip Reinhardt lived to the age of eighty-seven, passing away in 1921. His wife died ca. 1903. Before his death Philip leased some 187 acres of his farm to the Kansas City Country Club. Later it purchased the land and it is now considered the finest Country Club in Kansas City, Missouri.
Frank J. Reinhardt, father of our Brother, was born in Kansas City on December 26, 1860. With his two brothers he entered the wholesale grocery business on North Walnut Street and later they acquired an outlet of three retail stores. They were interested in the lead and zinc mining business in Arkansas and in the Joplin region of Missouri, and, among other activities, operated a saw mill. The Reinhardt brothers for many years carried on a real estate business in the old Hall Building in Kansas City. Frank J. Reinhardt died in 1910 at the age of fifty.
John Frederick Reinhardt, born in Kansas City Missouri, September 5, 1893, attended public schools. In 1912 he graduated from the Manual Training High School and, while his plans for a college education were interrupted because of his father's death, he contrived the opportunity to attend the Kansas City School of Law from 1913 until 1915, when he qualified for admission to the bar. Twenty years later, he completed the formal course at the Law School and received the LL.B. degree in 1936. Three years later he received the A.B. degree from the University of Kansas City. In 1935 Midland University at Fremont, Nebraska, gave him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
Brother Reinhardt practiced law without partnership until March 1, 1940, when he became a member of the firm of Landon, Reinhardt & Landon. Later he became a member of the firm of Borders, Reinhardt, Margolin & Wimmel. In 1948 he formed the firm of Reinhardt, Hoffman & Spurrier. While Brother Reinhardt is retaining his business and legal interests in Kansas City, Missouri, he recently purchased a home in Menlo Park, California, and will open a law office at nearby Palo Alto, to look after some of his business interests in California.
His law work has covered a wide field and has brought him admission to the bar of numerous courts. He has been admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court; the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals, at Philadelphia, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Paul, Denver, and San Francisco, and the District Courts of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Illinois and Minnesota. In 1933 he was admitted to practice law in the State of Kansas. He is a member of the Lawyers Association of Kansas City; the Kansas City Bar Association, and the Missouri and American Bar Associations.
The bulk of Brother Reinhardt’s professional work for many years has been in representing corporations. For many years he was counsel for the Vacuum Oil Company in the Southwest. In 1927 he became counsel for the Receiver of the old Kansas City Joint Stock Land Bank, of which, in 1941, she was counsel, director, and a member of the Executive Committee. He also served as counsel for the Farm Mortgage Holding Company, and is the counsel for the Reinhardt Corporations, as well as the president. The United Lutheran Church of America also secured his professional services as its legal representative, handling its affairs in the vicinity of Kansas City, Missouri.
Politically, John Frederick Reinhardt is a Republican and, in 1932, he was a candidate for Judge of the Circuit Court. According to his personal convictions, and in his professional work, he has been a strong opponent of many of the legislative acts of the 'New Deal' program. In more than 350 cases, he fought several of these acts, and several cases in which he was interested reached the Supreme Court of the United States of America.
In 1918 Brother Reinhardt married Myrtle W. Epperson, whose parents were born and reared in Salinas County, Missouri. The Eppersons immigrated from England to Virginia during the latter part of the 18th century; some members of the family moving to Kentucky and thence to Missouri.
Brother Reinhardt and his family, running back for several centuries, have been devout members of the Lutheran Church. The early family records are contained in the old parish churches at Dahlsheim and Moelsheim, where its members worshipped for generations. In 1894 Brother Reinhardt was baptized in the First English Lutheran Church in Kansas City; later he served there as the treasurer, Elder and Deacon for more than 20 years.
Our Brother saw the light of Masonry in Ivanhoe Lodge No. 446, A.F. & A.M., Kansas City, Missouri, having been raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason July 16, 1921. He is also active in Capitular, Cryptic Masonry, and the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. In addition he holds memberships in the following: Missouri Lodge of Research (Charter Member); Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 (London); American Lodge of Research (New York); Manchester Association for Masonic Research (England); Somerset Master Lodge No. 3746 (England); Lodge of Research No. 200 (Ireland); Kansas City Chapter No. 63, National Sojourners; Ararat Temple, A.A.O.N.M.S.; Kansas City Court No. 54, Royal Order of Jesters; New Jersey Societas Rosicruciana; Royal Order of Scotland; Masonic Order of the Bath; Grand College of Rites of the United States; Grand Masters Council "A", Allied Masonic Degrees; Ivanhoe Chapter No. 244, Order of the Eastern Star; Kilwinning Council No. 19, of the Allied Masonic Degrees (First Sovereign Master); Authors Lodge (London), and Knights Masons of Ireland.
Too, he holds membership in some 44 Clubs, Societies and Associations, including the Chamber of Commerce of Kansas City; the American Association for the advancement of Science; American Bible Society; Archaeological Institute of America; British Institute of Philosophy; Kansas City Chapter of the Military Order of the World Wars, Medieval Academy of America; New England Historic Genealogical Society (Boston), and Delta Theta Phi (Legal Fraternity) .
John Frederick Reinhardt was elected to membership in the Philalethes Society on December 8, 1948, upon the recommendation of Brother Harold Van Buren Voorhis, F.P.S., and we are indeed happy to publish his portrait on the title page of this issue of "The Philalethes."
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THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES
By Frederick Thomas Parker, M.P.S., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
FREEMASONRY has been defined as a beautiful system of morality. But it is more than a system of morality, lofty though that may be, lofty though it is. Freemasonry is an all-embracing philosophy of life.
In a few brief words we are told that we are to make the ancient classification of the Seven Liberal Arts and Sciences our future study. Here the whole wide range of human thought lies before us: the development of all that makes for culture; the development of the mind of man.
It is an immense field that we are to explore, these liberal arts and sciences. "Liberal" in the sense that the development of knowledge sets man "Free" from the errors and superstitions of his childhood ignorance.
An "ancient classification" for fifteen hundred years have elapsed since Martianus Capello, of Carthage, wrote his celebrated poem.
Ancient, too, since they formed the curriculum of the medieval universities: the old "trivium" of Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic; the "quadrivium" of Arithmetic, Geometry, Music and Astronomy.
GRAMMAR
The study of Grammar, the art of writing or speaking a language with propriety and correctness according to established usage, may appear to the heedless, the impatient, to be a labor, stale, flat, and seemingly unprofitable, a dreary mixture of nouns and pronouns, verbs and adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions, moods and tenses.
But to the thoughtful it is a stimulating adventure. One of the grandest reasons for man's development is that he has been enabled to make all his thoughts, his emotions, intelligible to others, through a wide range of expressive sounds, and by characters, words, which fittingly represent them. To the student the study of these words, their meaning, the rules which govern their various uses, opens up a vast, fertile, and an enticing vista along which he travels far beyond mere facts, the seemingly arbitrary rules, far into the past to discover why these rules are as they are and where the puzzling exceptions take their rise. He delights in discovering how the words, the languages of many peoples, back as far as the Greeks themselves, have been assimilated in varying degrees and by varied and circuitous methods to beautify his own tongue with their colorful shades of meaning.
But whether the study of grammar is a dry and laborious task, or is a means whereby our imagination can embrace the lives, the culture, of these many races, whose heirs we are, one fact is apparent: this art, this vehicle of words by which the thoughts of man may be transmitted to others regardless of time or distance, is governed by rules which must be understood and carefully followed, or else full and complete communication ceases.
RHETORIC
The old Harleian Manuscript refers to "Rhetoricke that teachest a man to speak fair and in substill terms," but Rhetoric is not merely the art of persuasive speaking or writing, of so using the words given by grammar as to move the feelings or sway the will of others. Rather it is the theory of eloquence, of purity of style, of structure of sentences, of figures of speech, of whatever relates to clearness and precision, elegance and strength of expression, whether it be of the spoken or of the written word.
Almost instinctively our thoughts revert "to the glory that was Greece, the grandeur that was Rome." We can trace the beginning and perfection of eloquence, that fleeting utterance of the tongue, back through the channels of Rome, to Athens, its source and fountain head.
So many names come with varying insistence to one's mind but only a few may be mentioned:
The gifted Pericles, the orator of Athens at the meridian of Athenian greatness;
Demosthenes, the greatest of all orators of all times, whose speeches, and particularly whose masterpiece, "The Oration of the Crown," full of clearest argument, the most pointed epigram, the most majestic apostrophe, not only bear testimony to his sterling character, his transparent highmindedness, and to his devotion to his country, but shed a lustre over the fading glories of Athenian greatness;
Well might Milton write:
"Thence to the famous orators repair,
Those ancient, whose resistless eloquence
Wielded at will that fierce democracy;
Shook the Arsenal and fulmined over Greece
To Macedon and Artexerxes' throne."
The courteous Virgil, that commanding genius in Latin literature, whose fame will last as long as time; whose works, particularly "The Aeneid," express in graceful and picturesque phrase all that was ideal in the Roman state;
And Cicero, in whom the eloquence of Rome reached its highest level, and who has so materially influenced the literature of our own Empire.
Truly, there were giants in those days, but the scroll of the world's literature is bright with other radiant names that shine with no reflected glory:
Dante, whose Divine Comedy, that dream journey through hell, purgatory and paradise, with all its wealth of imaginative splendor, is the one work in all literature which achieves perfection;
Shakespeare, because there is no essential human emotion or experience from farcial to terrible suffering which he has not touched with a sure hand; Shakespeare, "not for an age but for all time"; a master of Rhetoric:
"Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and
Are melted into air; into thin air
And like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yes, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not the rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep."
Goethe, the last of the universalists, into whose works, particularly whose "Faust," are packed, with the freshness and vitality of music, all the inspiration and wisdom of one of the supreme minds of all literature;
William Pitt, that staunch champion of political liberty, behind whose utterances, sometimes appallingly majestic there loomed an incorruptible and sublime ethical conviction; Pitt, "upon whose brow shame was ashamed to sit";
Burke, who passed his life on the mountain tops of what was best and loftiest in human thought, and over whose speeches there is a grace and a glamor which lift them high into the realm of creative imagination;
Disraeli, who, laughed down by the House on his maiden speech, eventually made that critical assembly listen, at first respectfully and then with submissive admiration; clever, persuasive, cynical at times, Capturing his hearers by his boldness and ingenuity;
Gladstone, the Grand Old Man, who, due to the earnestness with which he spoke, to the sunny and sympathetic and exhaustive treatment of his subject, his touches of humor and wit, ranks with the greatest master of rhetoric in English history;
The rolling sentences of Gibbon, Macauley, and Daniel Webster:
Abraham Lincoln, into whose mind the idea of being eloquent had never entered; and yet nothing more eloquent is known to have been spoken in the same compass by man than Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg. For these were natural words for him to speak; they were his own spiritual portrait painted in a few matchless and indelible strokes; the purest of all eloquence:
"It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
Even in so short a sketch of rhetoric, reference must be made to that Book of Books which has so permeated our thought and our language: That dramatic and narative poem, the Book of Job, with all its wealth of golden phrases:
"Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?" "Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? Declare, if thou hast understanding. Who determined the measures thereof, if thou knowest? Or who stretched the line upon it? Whereupon were the foundations thereof fastened ? Or who laid the cornerstone thereof, When the morning stars sang together, And all the sons of God shouted for joy?"
The profound and tender pathos of the Book of Ruth:
"Perhaps the self same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn."
Isaiah, with lips touched with a live coal from the Divine Altar; in style clear and simple, dignified and sublime, utters his declarations of sin and threatenings of judgment; and then there follows, in dramatic contrast of emotion, the promise of the redemption of Israel:
Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people,"
Saith your God,
"Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem,
And cry unto her,
That her warfare is accomplished
That her iniquity is pardoned."
"The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness,
Prepare ye the way of the Lord
Make straight in the desert a highway for our God.
Every valley shall be exalted,
And every mountain and hill laid low;
The crooked shall be made straight,
And the rough places plain,
And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,
And all flesh shall see it together;
For the mouth of the Lord has spoken it."
Of that tremendous anthology of sacred poetry, the Psalms, enlightened in ethics as they are lofty in spirit, there is one at least particularly applicable to the Fellowcraft Degree:
"The heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth His handiwork.'
The ritual repeats the thought with somewhat different rhetoric:
"Numberless worlds surround us, all framed by the same Divine Architect, which roll through the vast expanse, all conducted with the same unerring law of nature";
while Addison paraphrases the Psalm, embroidering its more simple rhetoric in his own inimitable style:
"The spacious firmament on high
With all the blue ethereal sky,
And spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great original proclaim.
The unwearied sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator's power display,
And publishes to every land
The work of an Almighty hand.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wond’rous tale,
And nightly to the listening earth,
Repeats the story of her birth.
While all the stars that round her burn,
And all the planets in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole."
And then, conscious that sound exists solely through the ear of the listener and that we hear no voice from the heavens:
"What though in solemn silence all
Move round the dark terrestrial ball;
What though no real voice, nor sound,
Amidst their radiant orbs be found;
In reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice,
Forever singing as they shine,
The hand that made us is Divine."
Truly, rhetoric is an art; an art which throughout the ages has gracefully played its melodious part in uplifting the soul and mind of man; truly, rhetoric does beautify and adorn one's thoughts: but if it is lightly used, if it is not based on truth or on profound conviction, the music of rhetoric becomes as "sounding brass or tinkling cymbal."
LOGIC
Man, taking the words given him by grammar, gracing them by means of rhetoric, so marshals them by the rules of Logic as to persuade the thinking, the reasoning mind of the truth, the correctness, the reasonable of his argument.
For Logic is the science of reasoning; the study of the ideal method in thought and research, hypothesis and experiment, analysis and synthesis. Its chief end is to determine the principle son which all valid reasoning depends, the process by which the mind may advance from known to unknown truths and propositions.
Once more we are carried back in thought to the early Greeks, for the word itself is from the Greek word for "reason." Logic arose in the golden days of Greek speculation which reached their fullness in Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The study of Logic and its history, of the laws governing the working of the human mind, is a task of magnitude, and even these mighty intellects could not fully grasp all the implications of this branch of philosophy. Mere mention of the Stoics, the Epicureans, of Scholasticism the effect of the Renaissance, of Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Hume, Berkeley, Mill, and Spinoza, will indicate the broadness of the field which we cannot attempt to explore.
However, regardless of what aspect of Logic is involved; whether it be the intellectual act of deductive reasoning from general to particular truths or the inductive process by which the mind reaches general truths from the observation of particulars the methods and principles involved in scientific research; or whether we embrace the transcendental logic of Emmanuel Kant that thought itself and thought alone is reality; clearly we learn that there are rules which must be obeyed or else we cannot think or reason with propriety or correctness.
Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic; these three, by whose united aid we are enabled to comprehend and, with delight, assimilate into our very being all the wisdom, all the intellectual strength, and all the beauty of expression of the greatest minds of all ages.
(To be continued.)
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The people should support the Government; not the Government support the people.
- Grover Cleveland
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Not to speak ill requires only silence.
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PHILALETHES
Of His great wisdom God created light
And in the light the fabric that is truth:
With love He fashioned His creation bright,
The systems of the universe in sooth,
With man himself the subject of the whole.
Thus it is man's eternal right to see -
In Philalethes he may read the scroll
For such is written in Freemasonry.
Milford E. Shields. M.P.S.
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Some Masons feel and say that the Blue Lodge is all there is to Masonry. If a Mason knows and practices the lessons of Blue Lodge Masonry, this is true. The chances are, however, that he knows the rituals and can recite them, but does not know what they mean; does not know and, perhaps, does not practice these lessons. The average Blue Lodge Mason knows very little about Masonry. He feeds on the husks and loses the kernels
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The words of wisdom are few and precious
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Masonic Edition of the Hertel Bible
(Published by John A. Hertel Company, Chicago, Illinois, and distributed by the International Book Supply Company, Brother A. R. Curtis, M.P.S., Director of Sales; P.O. Box 118; Wichita 1, Kansas.)
This is one of the most magnificent editions of the Holy Bible that I have ever seen, and one especially designed to be of extreme interest to Masons. Its size is such that it can be used either for the Lodge Altar, or as a modern version of the old "Family Bible" so familiar many years ago. It is bound in black leather, deeply tooled and stamped with gold, the Square and Compass simply and beautifully designed.
I realize that it would be impossible to give more than a vague impression unless the volume were before the eyes or in the hands, or on the Altar. However, a careful summary of its especial contents will prove of value.
First of all, there are pages for the individual Masonic Record, including all Degrees of the Craft, American and Scottish Rites. There is a presentation page for brethren to sign who have given this volume to their Lodge.
Following this we note several pages of excerpts from Albert Pike's Morals and Dogma, that briefly keys each Masonic Degree, and then several pages of Questions and Answers of Masonic import. This is followed by a history of the Order of the Eastern Star. In photographs, drawings and oil reproductions the reader encounters every Masonic President of the United States of America. A page of autobiographical text is devoted to each in which his Masonic Record is clearly outlined in detail.
There is an Alphabetical and Cyclopedic Index of the entire Bible, covering well over one hundred pages, then an Index of Scriptures concerning King Solomon's Temple, followed by two pages entitled: Why We Were Thus Dealt With, a scriptural reference for each step of the Craft work.
I see indexes to the Parables and Miracles, to the leading doctrines of the Bible, to the Harmony of the Four Gospels, for personal workers and Sunday School teachers. These are followed by a history of the writing of the Bible, Bible Charts, charts correlating Bible History with that of other nations, a history of the English editions of the Bible with reproductions of the pages of the various old editions.
Following the text of the Old Testament is a historical sketch of the Hebrew people and an Index of Bible stories for young people. Then comes a Family Register, quite complete, and a Service record for these who have been in the armed forces.
The New Testament is the "red letter" rendering, of great value in itself. This is followed by a discussion of, Palestine and the Holy Land, the Jewish Calendar, the Commandments, and a Guide to the Laws of the Bible. After this is a heavily illustrated dictionary of the Bible. There is a complete concordance to the Bible and the volume concludes with a number of large maps in color of Palestine, the Near East, and those lands and places mentioned in the Bible.
The type is large and clear, the pages are edged with gold. Needless to say, this is an expensive book, but a great one, illustrated throughout with reproductions of famous paintings of the old masters and of later artists whose work is striking. It is an ideal gift for a group of brethren to present to their Lodge. But in the homes it could truly be said to be a "thing of beauty and a joy forever."
L. E.W.
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As announced in the February, 1950, issue, bound volumes of "The Philalethes" are now ready. Each Volume, from Number I to and inclusive of Number IV, is attractively cloth bound in Masonic Blue, with the Title and Volume Number stamped in bright gold on the outside cover and back bone. There is no center hump and, in consequence, the individual pages stay flat.
These Volumes are excellent for Masonic references or use by Study Groups. The supply of Volumes I and II is extremely limited and will eventually become collectors items. The prices quoted include sales tax and transportation charges, and are subject to change without notice. Order one Volume or the entire set of four, include remittance and address The Philalethes Society; 274 South Burlington Ave., Los Angeles 4, California.
Volume I $10.00
Volume II 8.00
Volume III 5.00
Volume IV 5.00
Brotherly love and relief are prime essentials, but the lost word of Truth can finally be restored only to those who search for the deeper revelations, buried beneath the surface of their ancient teachings.
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Now the fine, warm days are here -
Brooks are rippling, skies are clear,
Flowers are blooming, days are long,
Birds fill all the air with song.
In the clover busy bees
Buzz at every passing breeze;
Over all the golden sun
Pours its light 'til day is done.
These are such enchanting days
That we wonder, as we gaze,
Why we cannot, in our hearts,
Keep the joy each day imparts.
----o----
Masonry is all aglow with spiritual truth and beauty. But the knowledge of it must be sought beneath the surface of its ancient symbolism. Its symbolism is a method of teaching profound harmonies and truths that language alone is inadequate to convey.
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NEW FELLOW
To fill the vacancy caused by the death of Brother Leo Fischer, the Philalethes Society deems it a pleasure to bestow the honor of FELLOW upon: Dr. Ross Hepburn, 7 Rimu Street; Riccarton; Christchurch, W. 1; New Zealand.
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NEW MEMBERS
Willard A. Barney; North Arlington, New Jersey (Recommended by Norman I. Morris, M.P.S.)
John Gibb; Livingston, New Jersey (Recommended by Norman I. Morris, M.P.S.)
Benjamin A. Higgins; Dalhart, Texas (Vouched for by Brother Glenn F. Bartley, Worshipful Master, Horton Lodge No. 326, A. F. & A. M., Horton, Kansas)
Auguste B. Holm; Newark, New Jersey (Recommended by Sherwood V. Westlake, M.P.S.)
Harold T. Hoot; Morristown New Jersey (Recommended by Sherwood V. Westlake, M.P.S.)
F. A. Morrison; Palm Springs, California (Recommended by Irvin B. Hoblerecht, M.P.S.)
Frank W. Peppel; Belleville, New Jersey (Recommended by Sherwood V. Westlake, M.P.S.)
Arthur H. Triggs; Oakland, California (Recommended by Dr. Herbert H. Schultz, M.P.S.)
Granville T. Youngs; East Orange, New Jersey (Recommended by Norman I. Morris, M.P.S.)
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The Philalethes - June-July, 1950; Volume 5 Number 5. - Walter A. Quincke, F.P.S., Editor. - The official publication of The Philalethes Society; 274 South Burlington Avenue; Los Angeles 4, California, where all communications should be directed. Publication schedule: Eight (8) issues per year or volume: January ; February ; March ; May (April-May); July (June-July); September (August-September); November (October-November), and December. No advertising in any form is solicited or accepted. When requesting a change of address, please give the old as well as the new addresses, including your postal zone number, if you have such. Annual subscription, in the U.S.A., $3.00; elsewhere, $4.00, payable in advance, at par in Los Angeles. - The columns of "Philalethes" are reserved for the literary contributions of the members of the Society, and the material is selected for its quality and timeliness rather than upon name. All published articles, however, express the ideas and opinions of their contributors only, and in no way need they be the opinion of the Society. Member-Editors of Craft magazines, here and abroad, are privileged to reprint, in part or in full, any articles first published in "Philalethes," with the exception of "masterpieces," which are the sole and exclusive property of The Philalethes Society. - The Society's current year book, "The Informant," tells the story since its inception and enlightens one on our purposes, scope and character. A copy will be mailed free of charge to any Freemason requesting the same and giving the name, number and location of the Symbolic Lodge in which he hold membership.
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Masonry, having an inherent commission to differentiate between the good and the bad, right and wrong, should become such a fulcrum of power, as to be able to overthrow class distinction and pioneer the way to a safe democracy.